Year 1 Admissions


Posted on May 24, 2005  /  8 Comments

If we care about our children: Ridding year-1 school admissions of corruption and influence
by Rohan Samarajiva
Tamil Version

Sinhala Version

1.0 Introduction

Getting a child into Year 1 of school, government or private, has become a traumatic and unpleasant event. Principals are being arrested for taking bribes, court cases are being launched, parents stand in line through the night, and children are being coached to lie about where they live. The problem which was originally concentrated in government schools, has now reached crisis proportions even in private schools, with bribes being taken on top of the already very high admission fees and mandatory contributions. What should be a joyful life event has begun to corrode our morals and institutions.

This paper is intended to provoke discussion on this most important subject. It is not supported by extensive data analysis and is by no means the last word on the subject. The discussion questions at the end reinforce the point that the objective is to start a discussion rather than propose a solution. It applies hitherto neglected economic analysis to the problem, more than other valuable approaches. It was written on a dare, to show that the analytical tools that are being applied to reform of hard infrastructures (telecom, electricity, etc.) could also be applied fruitfully to soft infrastructures such as education and health. Sometimes an outsider’s intervention can break logjams in policy analysis. It is hoped that education professionals will absorb this shock magnanimously and advance the debate on their terms, allowing the author to get back to his normal preoccupations, hopefully in one piece.

Reference is made to international schools in the discussion because that is one area where evidence of the working of market supply and demand can be seen, not because they are seen as the solution. Please note that these schools should not be thought of in terms of Colombo International School or the like; there are dozens of international schools of varying quality scattered across the country, in shop fronts and various kinds of accommodations.

In the development of a workable solution, a more multi-disciplinary approach should be adopted, though the author strongly believes that economic analysis must serve as the foundation. While there are many other problems affecting the educational system (such as the over-reliance on examinations and rote learning), this paper focuses on the Year 1 admission problem and in particular on minimizing the pervasive corruption, influence, mistrust and unhappiness that currently characterize this important event in the lives of parents and children.

2.0 The problem defined


The above described symptoms point to a serious mismatch between demand and supply. But before applying market analysis, it is necessary to identify clearly what is being bought and sold in the market. It appears that parents (who are the “buyers” in the market for Year 1 admission to popular schools) seek an integrated bundle of services that includes:

  1. High-quality educational services for the school career of the child (i.e., over a 13-year period);
  2. Opportunities for the child to network with future members of economic, social and political elites and thereby to achieve upward social mobility (akin to buying membership in a club); and
  3. Improvement of own social status through obtaining a difficult-to-obtain scarce opportunity.


The third component may be disputed, therefore evidence may be required. Given the relative fixity of resources (teachers, class rooms) and the intensity of demand, class sizes have increased from around 35 or less 30 years ago to close to 50 in the “popular” schools, not only in the Colombo schools but also in regional schools such as Dudley Senanayake MMV (formerly Tholangamuva Central College). Increased class size is universally recognized as a characteristic of reduced quality of education. The almost universal reliance on private tuition by students enrolled in popular government schools has resulted in the de facto conversion of the free education system into a hybrid free and fee-based system, partially because of the low quality of the educational services that are offered. The fact that demand for admission to these schools has not decreased despite the obvious deterioration of quality allows us to infer that few if any parents are getting component 1, and that components 2 and 3 may in fact be overshadowing component 1 in their calculus. Anyone who has had a conversation with a proud parent of a student recently admitted to Royal or Visakha can testify to the significance of Component 3.

Why has the problem become so acute, despite Sri Lanka’s low birth rate? The quantitative increase of the middle class (defined as those whose basic needs have been met; and who have resources for self-improvement) over the past two decades is an obvious contributory factor (see Annex 1, results of the Consumer Finance Survey conducted by the Central Bank of Sri Lanka). This was accentuated by the deeply ingrained faith in education as a means of social mobility. Underinvestment and inefficiency that are characteristic of government-supplied services, especially under conditions of low growth (defined as growth under 8 percent) exacerbated the problem. Improved access to transportation (see Annex 1) enabled parents to consider schools which required greater travel distances from home. In the early 1960s, parents living three miles outside Negombo, in Katunayake, considered that town too distant to send children to. Now the Katunayake schools are in danger of being closed down because most children from there are attending Negombo, Jaela or Colombo schools, using the ubiquitous van services.

The increased demand is not for all schools, but for popular schools. There is an ongoing process of consolidation whereby a small number of schools are becoming mega schools with enrollments in excess of 2000, while demand is dropping fast for small schools within their catchments.

3.0 Solutions

The nature of what is in demand suggests that the conventional solution of increasing supply in the face of increased demand will not be adequate by itself. Simply creating another “Royal College” (as was done in Moneragala, Polonnaruwa and Panadura, for example) or a “President’s College” will not do.

While it is possible to envisage improvements in the manner in which new schools are established, it is clear that a school however well endowed with buildings and facilities and however well staffed does not automatically deliver components 2 and 3, and will therefore not be in great demand from parents. In addition, parents have no guarantee that the new school will deliver high-quality education over the entire 13 year period. New schools that have achieved the status of “popular” schools such as D.S. Senanayake MV and Sirimavo Bandaranaike MV show that it takes much effort and 10-20 years to achieve this status.

3.1 Increasing supply

Increasing supply is a necessary component of the overall solution, but it cannot be the totality of the solution. When increasing supply, it is necessary to increase the particular kinds of school spaces that are in demand, and not those for which demand is rapidly declining.

A first step would be demand, population-growth and transportation analysis to identify the locations that would be most appropriate. If attempts are made to establish new schools either within the catchments of popular schools or where traffic patterns etc. do not create special reasons for making the new school attractive, they are likely to fail, as with Soysapura MV in Ratmalana. Forecasting demand is an inexact science at which private entrepreneurs who risk their capital on the decision are likely to do better than government bureaucrats or politicians. Contrasting the success of the Nugegoda Lyceum international school with the failure of the Soysapura school illustrates this point.

Providing buildings and facilities commensurate with a popular school is a pre-condition for the emergence of a popular school. A parent admitting a child to Year 1 has to trust the quality of a service that will be provided over a 13 year period. Buildings and facilities play an important role in signaling quality. Another mechanism of communicating quality is the Principal (e.g., Mr Alles at D.S. Senanayake MV; and then at Gateway). Good teachers are needed, and they can be attracted only with good salaries and superior working conditions. Carefully managed franchising may also be used to build trust and ensure that parents can be attracted to the new schools, a strategy that may have to be adopted after a certain point by the rapidly expanding Gateway and Lyceum chains.

Of course, all this costs money. Why the supply of popular school spaces has failed to keep up with demand has been the lack of money on the part of the dominant and legally entrenched supplier, the government, as well as waste and misdirection of limited resources (LBO). If the government does not have enough funds and/or is incapable of prudent use of what it has, private investment must be encouraged. The pace of investment in international schools indicates that this is an attractive area for private investment. However, the poor facilities provided by some international schools suggests that there is a problem of matching revenues with investment; and possibly a justification for some form of light-handed standards enforcement.

3.1.1 Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs)

The undercapitalization of some of the new international schools suggests that the expected revenue streams are not seen as adequate for investment that would yield an adequate level of quality. The financial difficulties experienced by some international schools as they seek to position themselves at various price points suggest that the Sri Lankan primary-secondary educational market is not capable of sustaining high prices, especially when the supplier has to recover both capital and operational costs. There are two possibly complementary solutions: public-private partnerships (management contracts) and vouchers.

In the former, the government gives the buildings and facilities (most likely of a under-utilized and troubled school) to a private supplier of school services (who will of course be selected on the basis of a transparent and well designed bidding process that gives weight to quality factors rather than money; it does not make sense to extract money from an already undercapitalized sector), who now has to recover only operational costs and the much lower investment costs required for refurbishment of facilities. The benefits given by government to the private supplier may be recovered through scholarship and bursary obligations and requirements for maintenance and refurbishment standards. Periodic rebidding of management contracts may provide incentives for efficiency.

Because the objective is the increase in supply of popular-school spaces and the introduction of some form of rivalry to the market that would improve performance, there is no point in converting currently well-functioning popular schools into PPPs. The PPPs should add to supply. Therefore, the schools that would be handed over to the PPPs are those currently lacking demand, but have the potential, because of location, size of the premises, etc., to become popular schools with more investment and better management.

In the case of operational costs, teachers’ salaries are the major component. Currently, many of the international schools draw from the pool of retired government teachers. This allows them to pay less than they would have to pay younger teachers because the retirees also enjoy a pension. The downside of this strategy is that the new schools are handicapping themselves in the adoption of new educational techniques appropriate for the 21st Century, by allowing the domination of the teaching staff by those trained and acculturated in a dysfunctional government educational system and whose age may in some cases be a barrier to openness to innovative thinking.

One way to address the operational cost problem faced by private educational service suppliers within the context of PPPs while at the same time lessening opposition from the teachers of the schools that will be managed under PPPs, is for the government to commit to continue paying the base salaries of the teachers, giving them the opportunity, but not the assurance, of being retrained and rehired by the new management.

The new managers may be required to spend a specific amount of funds on teacher retraining, which the former teachers will be entitled to participate in. The new managers will have economic incentives to recruit the former teachers, because the government will continue to pay their former base salaries irrespective of what new jobs they secure. This scheme may, at least, shift the economic incentives away from retirees to a younger group of teachers who may be a little more open to adopting new teaching techniques. This way or some other way, it is critically important that properly trained and oriented teachers be available for the new schools.

3.1.2 Vouchers

The other component of the solution to the investment/revenue mismatch is vouchers. The government can provide vouchers to certain categories of students which may be used as payment for educational services. To avoid complicated price controls within the context of a voucher system it is necessary to design it properly.

One of the problems with vouchers is the difficulty of enforcing eligibility criteria. This is especially serious in countries like Sri Lanka where record keeping is poor, government information unreliable and citizens are acculturated into understating income and wealth. Instead of creating difficult-to-enforce eligibility criteria there may be value in giving all children vouchers and allowing schools to charge over and above the voucher amounts subject to certain parameters.

Where would the money come for all these vouchers, one may ask. Any solution must work within the current budget allocated to education. Therefore the vouchers must be funded with money currently disbursed directly to schools. Money directly paid to schools will decrease. It is clearly a radical solution that requires extensive preparation and publicity.

3.2 Changing the funding system

This component of the paper deals with changes that need to be made to the popular schools (defined by a ratio of acceptances to applications). By removing some of the subsidies and advantages enjoyed by these schools at present, it is hoped that a degree of leveling of the playing field will occur and that government funds will be released for vouchers, establishment of effective standards enforcement units and so on.

Currently, all government schools are funded by central government raised revenues (in some cases, the central revenues are channeled through provincial governments). The intensity of demand for certain popular government schools cannot be captured by the school because of the existing rules. The rents are instead captured by the School Development Societies, the Old Boys’ or Old Girls’ Associations, the Principals, politicians and senior officials, and primarily by the land owners within the 2 mile radius of the school (the legal catchment of the school). Values of land and residential properties within the legal catchment go up because houses in that area come bundled with an entitlement to enter children to the popular school. Even if the properties themselves are not sold, their occupants can capture some of the value by charging for various persons to use their addresses for purposes of entering children to the popular school. In sum, the public (through the government) pay for the popular school, but most of the resultant benefits are captured by private parties.

A simple way to align the rents with the expenditures is a property tax to fully or partially fund the school. If the school is contributing to the high property values in its catchment, the property owners who benefit should contribute to the funding of the school. This system creates incentives for the property owners/parents to resist reduction of school quality and to actively participate in the management of the school. If property owners do not wish to contribute to the upkeep of the school, as when their children complete their schooling, they can stop paying the property taxes and capture their share of the increased value of their property due to improvements in the school, by selling their property to a family with school-age children desirous of admitting them to the popular school. To the extent that property taxes contribute to funding the school, the central (or provincial) government can withhold that amount and use it for other purposes such as the financing of vouchers or the upkeep of schools in areas lacking adequate revenues.

The above described system is that which is currently in place in the United States. Despite its congruence with basic economic principles, it has certain weaknesses. For example, the property-taxes system drives the already good schools to greater excellence, but makes it almost impossible for the poor schools to catch up: the property values in a school district with a low-quality school are low è there are no funds to improve the school è property values remain low. The only way that parents in such an area can obtain high-quality education for their children is to sell their present residences and physically move to locations within high-quality school districts. Since there is a significant difference between the property values, it is quite possible that some parents (and children) can remain trapped in a low-quality school district. The much lower propensity of Sri Lankans to sell residential properties has also to be taken into account in designing an effective property-tax based funding scheme for schools.

4.0 Role of government speman


The above analysis is based on conceptualizing educational services provided by schools as amenable to market incentives. The continued viability of the centralized provision of primary and secondary education by a massive government bureaucracy must be judged on it results. From a country that was known for the export of teachers and accountants (made possible by its educational system) Sri Lanka is now known for exporting housemaids. Its universities are not even mentioned in Asian rankings (except for the University of Colombo which occupied the 77th place in the 2000 Asiaweek Best Universities Survey that covered 77 Asian universities); and thousands of middle-class youths travel abroad to obtain a decent higher education. It is therefore reasonable to conclude that 50+ years of centralized government provision of primary and secondary educational services outside the market has been a failure.

It is not realistic to, or even necessary to, privatize the educational system in one fell swoop. Focusing on the problem of popular schools, the government should on one side gradually open the existing government funded popular schools to local governance and market forces through the use of property taxes and vouchers, and on the other increase supply through public-private partnerships financed through vouchers and school fees. The real costs of education, that include the costs of private tuition which is almost universal, need to be calculated and publicized. With judicious use of vouchers, it may be possible to offer high-quality educational opportunities through PPPs at prices not dramatically different from what is currently paid through a combination of bribes, development society payments, and tuition.

Education, particularly primary-secondary education, has many positive externalities (but it is not a public good as some claim, because it does not satisfy the criteria of non-excludability and non-rivalry). It also plays perhaps the most important role in maintaining social amity and cohesion through the offering of hope of social mobility. Therefore, it is not recommended that the government withdraw from the field of education. What is recommended is that government redirects its energies into the productive channels of standard setting and enforcement, PPPs, design and implementation of effective funding mechanisms such as property taxes and vouchers, and overall supervision of the sector, rather than the direct supply of educational services at which it has manifestly failed.

5.0 Discussion questions

  1. Is market analysis appropriate for educational services?
  2. This document focuses solely on the Year 1 admission problem. Can the problem be conceptualized properly without looking at other aspects of the educational system such as the Grade 5 scholarship exam, the overall exam-centered nature of Sri Lankan education, etc.?
  3. Has the product been correctly identified?
  4. Is it humanly possible to solve this problem, in light of the inclusion of status goods in the bundle?
  5. School admission is a problem in many societies. Is the claim that it has reached crisis proportions in Sri Lanka correct?
  6. Is the solution of increasing the supply of potentially popular schools feasible?
  7. Can the solution be implemented in parts (i.e., PPPs without vouchers)?
  8. Will the shift to a property-tax based system of funding the current popular schools create more problems than it will solve?
  9. If a property-tax scheme of funding is not introduced, should the 2-mile rule be abolished?
  10. Should the current system of giving admission preferences to all sorts of opaque categories, especially the category of past pupil’s children, be abolished and replaced by a computer-based transparent system?
  11. Should all government-run popular schools get out of primary education, reserving all class spaces, including those freed up by the closure of elementary schools, to those who pass the 5th grade scholarship exam?
  12. Is there a justification for reintroducing C.W.W. Kannangara’s central school concept (excellence in education and extra-curricular activities; residential; merit based admission; co-educational) in modern form, possibly named Kannangara Academies?
  13. Are there any variations of these solutions that can be implemented other than by government?
  14. How does the constitutional status of education (divided between the central and provincial governments) affect a solution?

8 Comments


  1. Good article. But I would have liked to see vouchers promoted a bit more.

    On the distance rule- just look at the unending construction of high rise quarters at the Cinnamon Gardens police station and compare the number of policemen / womens kids in the admission grade at Royal and Visakha – of course the latter is distorted by the Depot police quarters.

  2. here are my answers to your discussion questions.

    1. MARKET ANALYSIS APPRPRIATE?: yes, why not. particularly in the tuition-class
    context.

    2. EXAM-CENTERD NATURE OF EDUCATION:i dont think the purely exam-centric mode of
    instruction has anything to with the admission question per se. [plus the recent education reforms have been able to move away from it to some extent. now kids have continuous assessment of some sort.]

    3. QUALITY, NETWORKS AND STATUS: yes i agree with your identification of the bundled product in terms of one and two; but not three. i know overdoze of it exists with most middle class parents at schools like royal, but i dont think it can be generalized.

    4. IMPOSSIBLE TO SOLVE?:impossible is nothing [tagline of addidas]; difficult yes, but impossible: no.

    5. IS IT A CRISIS REALLY?: i think it is beyond crisis when the first item on the agenda of “education” in a 4 1/2 year old is “learning to lie better than the competition”.

    6. FEASIBLE TO INCREASE SUPPLY?: actually you should not dismiss it. your own examples of d.s and sirimavo are examples. perhaps a j.r and a chandrika could do potentially well.

    7. PPPS AND VOUCHERS: i feel that the ppp and the vouchers are intertwined because you get one in return for the other. because the state gives alles a building and pays his teachers base pay, alles has to provide a certain number of vouchers. again you could consider the variable value voucher (c) model here too; the cost [and fees] will differ between a ppp school in dehiwela and dehiattakandiya.

    8. PROPERTY TAX SOLUTION: yes it will. the proerty tax model will not work in
    sri lanka for a number of reasons.

    9. ABOLISH 2-MILE RULE?: well whether the 2-mile radius be abandoned is a tough question. its a little like the 100/200 meter rule and is obviously arbitrary, but on the other hand there has to be some filter. hopefully the discussion will produce some alternatives.

    10. ABOLISH PAST PUPIL QUOTAS/INRODUCE COMPUTER ANALYSIS: just because you use a computer junk in –> junk out. that is not a solution. when did people stop cheating because of a computer? in fact it could exacerbate the problem. i feel that having things like old boy categories are good for a number of reasons, key among which is the incentive for ‘old boys’ to support the school so that the standards can be maintained for their children who have a better chance of entry than others. for instance, royal college union pays for a range of things from paying abans to clean toilets to purchasing sports equipment for almost every sport to scholarships for kids to pursue higher education at ivy league universities and 100s of millions in infrastructure development. not every school have ‘old boys’ who could [or are willing to] do so, but the logic is generalizable. also the rules are not opaque; but very clear cut.

    11. POPULAR SCHOOLS FOR GRADE 5 ONLY: you mean that for instance royal college will be a
    100% post-grade 5 scholarship shop? i dont understand your logic. are you saying that the grade 5 schol is a filter to separate the ‘good’ from the ‘bad’? i dont think you could defend that argument.

    12. REINTRODUCE KANNANGARA SCHOOLS: dont know enough to answer; too tired now to research on it!

    13. NON-GOVERNMENTAL SOLUTIONS: no beacuse it is a ppp. government is an important
    stakeholder.

    14. ROLE OF PROVINCIAL GOVERNMNETS: provincial governments as they now stand are a damn joke and we can worry about it once we get a proper power sharing system in place.

  3. I read the article and found that it contains lot of valuable facts. Rather than answering the questions therein (which I would do later), I would like to give my opinion about the problem and some suggestions.

    It is true that our year one admission system is a very difficult process. Difficult for all institutions & parties concerned and bring even traumatic experiences to some parents.

    The moment a child is born whether a girl/boy, what goes on in any parents mind is which school they should select for the child to be sent for his /her education. It is every parents desire to see their child getting the best education in the country.

    There is very little hope for those parents who themselves had had their education in a non-national/popular schools or in a school different from which they want to apply. According to how I see, this lot can be divided into different categories.

    1. The upper/lower middle class who select International schools merely because they do not want to resort to any illegal method in trying to gain year 1 admission to a popular school (& not because they want to give their child a British education.) I for one, belong to this category. It is due to this reason that we see quite a number of lower middle class families even send their children to International schools now.

    2. Be happy &content in sending the children to the nearest school whether good of bad.

    3. Third category, which resorts to unorthodox methods and still manage to get scot free as far as the eyes of the law is concerned & yet manage to get a victory gaining admission to a so-called poplar school.

    They have resorted to illegal methods changing Birth certificates, Electricity Bills, electoral registry, you name it. Until recently, our authorities were oblivion to the misdeeds for reasons best known to them. However, the recently set up commission too was proved unsuccessful in dealing with the situation. Infact the findings were backfired, unfortunately, as a result of the campaigns led by the parties loyal the elements concerned.

    Now, how best can we approach this situation? How can we create a solution where by all parents can be benefited in a fair manner? How can we convince ourselves that there will be equal opportunity for all?

    This is not an easy task. A solution to satisfy everybody is hard to come by. In my opinion, I would like to come up with the following suggestions.

    1. Let us have very stringent laws to deal with unscrupulous elements who are party to this menace, be it the parents, principles, Gramasevakas … with prisons sentences involved.

    2. At the same time, governments should immediately upgrade the standards of all the schools throughout the country. (Actually, this should come before implementing the first step. Because it is my view that when village schools lack facilities it is quite natural for a parent to dread selecting that school & we cannot really blame or punish them for what they resort to. Therefore, the upgrading should not be delayed and be attended to right away.

    3. Apart from this, the teachers who select remote schools should be given incentives & rewards as a means of encouraging them to take up positions in such schools.

    4. The children in non-popular schools should be given scholarships upon their performance at all levels and grades.

    5. English medium should be introduced to all schools throughout the Island from grade 1 without any discrimination. New batch of teachers competent for this task should be recruited who take up a training course in the relevant fields.

    Hasula Thushari Gange Kularathna (Parent)

  4. I see that the commenter has given a lot of thought to the problem and I appreciate the input. However, most of the proposed remedies are, in my view, impractical:

    1. Many if not all of them require the expenditure of substantial amounts of money by the government. We know that the government of Sri Lanka is bankrupt, barely able to meet recurring expenditures and only managing to make minimal capital expenditures thanks to donor assistance. Simply proposing that more money be spent will not solve the problem. There are good reasons for why these solutions were not implemented in the past and unless those reasons change, these solutions will not be implemented.

    2. The proposal that people be punished for illegal acts is on the face reasonable. However, the law can only do so much. When the gap between supply and demand is very wide (as is the case with Year One admissions), the incentives to engage in illegal actions are very strong. Even in a developed country with a well functioning legal system, the law cannot deal with such a situation. The only solution is to reduce the incentives, by allowing supply to increase or somehow decrease demand. Once they are more or less aligned, the legal system can punish the wrong-doers and maintain order. But Sri Lanka’s legal system is as broken as the rest of the systems: only about 5% of cases reach a conclusion (I have heard) and laws delays and corruption are quite prevalent. So it is extremely unrealistic to look to the law for a solution.

    Bottomline, we have to find the money to increase supply of popular-school places. Because there is no money in government, we have to allow the private sector to invest. This was the case with telephones in the 1980s: demand and supply misaligned; massive corruption. If that sector had not been liberalized, the Presidential Investigations Unit would be arresting Regional Telecom Engineers, not Principals.

  5. I think this pressure to get children into city schools is merely a step in the increasing urbanization. Parents who do not want to live in cities want to send children to cities, even though any sensible parent would realize that it is better to keep them in rural areas due to district wise standardization!! This trend is encouraged by one big factor that is the uneven distribution of state money on schools. If the education money is divided on the basis of population per district and distributed for district education authorities to spend district level schools will develop and the pressure will ease off. This will never be allowed by the ministry officials as they live in big cities and therefore they have to have big schools in cities for their children and grand children! This problem is further compounded by the so called National Schools where everyone wants to get their children into. National schools are pampered schools meant for higher level education and other government officials to get their children into!
    What we need to do is to:
    1. We must distribute money to district education authorities based on population ratio
    2. De link primaries from so called national schools and have primary, secondary and high schools separately. These super grade national schools can become the schools for scholarship and exceptional students who are chosen from a test.
    3. Have the scholarship examination only for children from poor families and offer them real money and schools with hostel facilities.
    4. Promote hostels in all secondary and tertiary schools. This will allow more non city schools to develop and prosper.
    5. Transfer those fossilized teachers in national schools into less developed schools every four years. This is not done because their spouses work in Education ministry!!
    5. Promote more private schools and drop the word ‘International Schools’! Allow them to compete with the state schools.
    These are some of my random thoughts.
    All the best in your interesting endeavor.

  6. Reason #1 for the problem is, in my opinion, by far the most compelling. Like you, I don’t have statistics to back it up, but I know how someone else can do the homework for me. University undergraduates are forever on the lookout for thesis topics. There may already be a study on the subject that can be dug up with enough effort. Failing that, a collaboration with the statistics or education department of a major university can get you the data you need. (A little digression from the main subject with the purpose of illustrating the variety resources that can be tapped to address a problem).
    Building more schools is not a practical solution because of financial constraints. Even if one did manage to construct buildings, the core  problem of finding quality staff still needs to be addressed. I suggest focusing on converting existing schools into those with popularly desirable characteristics. This proposal has the hurdle of overcoming common perceptions of historically underperforming schools. This is where exams come in. Exams are not all that evil for schools. In a market there has to be a rating system and public exams are the currently accepted scale for measuring schools (whether exams rate individuals is a philosophical issue I’ll avoid). When a previously mediocre school starts getting better ratings public perception of it will change. It is a long term project that’ll not have an immediate effect on the year 1 admission problem, but that is just an offshoot of a more fundamental issue, which is the difficulty of obtaining a quality education.
    This brings us to the second part of the "increasing supply" solution, which is increasing the supply of quality teachers. Money is one way. Rotation laws and coercion tactics are ineffective. They could very well extract physical compliance, but have a negative impact on the end objective. I don’t know the answer, but I do believe that there are quite a number of people who feel strongly about the subject and care enough so that an answer can be found collaboratively.

  7. Ashley’s point about making existing schools popular was discussed at the seminar that the Education Forum had on July 9th. The overall problem was identified as a branding problem. We did not go in detail into the teacher training issue–Ashley’s second point. A summary of the seminar is posted else where on thie Web site but here it is for a quick reference.

    SUMMARY OF SEMINAR

    A seminar on “Private sector and civil society responses to the problem of year-1 school admissions” was held on July 9, 2005, 9:30 am to 1:00 pm at the Sri Lanka Foundation Institute (SLFI), Colombo. The seminar was organized by the Education Forum at the Pathfinder Foundation and co-sponsored by the SLFI. There were 27 persons attending. Others invitees sent their regrets or posted their comments on “Year 1 Admissions” post on this site. Some of the actionable ideas that came from the discussion are summarized here.

    1. The root of the Year 1 Admissions problems is the under-supply of desirable schools for parents with young children. Every parent wants what is perceived to be the best for their child.

    2. There are several options for increasing the supply of desirable schools.

    * twinning between popular schools and other seemingly failing schools
    * public-private-partnerships where the private sector takes over the management of a failing school in
    * continued expansion of private education opportunities through Lyceum, Gateway, Ceylinco and other private providers.

    We did not have time to discuss affordability and equity and other issues. Sometimes the best way to learn is to learn from others’ experience or through one’srown actions.

    Therefore, our next steps will likely involve

    * Forming an advisory group to guide us through our activities
    * Expanding the concept paper using case studies
    * Planning and implementing one or more small projects to try out some the ideas for increasing the supply.

    Hope you all will stay with us and continue to give your inputs.

    END OF SUMMARY

  8. I would like to add when you do not already have got an insurance policy or perhaps you do not remain in any group insurance, you could possibly well really benefit from seeking aid from a health insurance broker. Self-employed or those with medical conditions commonly seek the help of a health insurance specialist. Thanks for your text.

Leave a Reply to Rohan Samarajiva

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

*

*

*